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design note dn 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 design guide for off - line fixed frequency dcm flyback converter allan a. saliva infineon technologies north america (ifna) corp.
dcm flyback 2 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 edition 2013 - 01 published by infineon technologies north america 27703 emperor blvd, suite 310 , durham, nc 27703 ? infineon technologies north america corp. 2013 all rights reserved. attention please ! the information given in this application note is given as a hint for the implemen - tation of the infineon technologies component only and shall not be regarded as any description or warranty of a certain functionality, condition or quality of the infineon technologies component. the recipient of this application note must verify any function described herein in the real application. infineon technologies hereby disclaims any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind (including without limitation warran ties of non - infringement of intellectual property rights of any third party) with respect to any and all information given in this application note. information for further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices please contact your nearest infineon technologies office ( www.infineon.com ). warnings due to technical requirements components may contain dangerous substances. for information on the types in question please contact your nearest infineon technologies office. infineon technologies components may only be used in life - support devices or systems with the express written approval of infineon technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life - support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body, or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. if they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered. dn 2013 - 01 subjects: fixed frequency dcm flyback author: allan a. saliva (ifna pmm smd amr pmd 2) we listen to your comments any information within this document that you feel is wrong, unclear or missing at all? your feedback will help us to continuously improve the quality of this document. please send your proposal (including a refe rence to this document) to: [ allan.saliva @infineon.com ]
dcm flyback 3 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 table of contents i. introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 4 ii. fixes frequency flyback modes of operation: dcm vs ccm ................................ ................................ ...... 4 iii. dcm flyback design equations and sequential decision requirements ................................ .................... 6 iv. dcm flyback design example ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 12 v. references ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 16
dcm flyback 4 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 i. introduction flyback is the most widely used smps topology f or low power application from 100w down to under 1w , when ever the output needs to be isolated from the input. its best features are low system cost , simplicity , and relative ease of implementation . for low current output and power level s below 50w, dcm flyback is the usually the preferred operating mode , due to its simpler control loop implementation and lower turn on loss . t he objective of this paper is to develop a compre hensive, practical and easy to follow approach in designing an off line dcm flyback power su pply. this includes component sele ction guide, design knowledge and practical tips for a fast and well optimized design. ii. fixes frequency flyback mode s of operation: dcm vs ccm figure 1 shows the basic cir c uit diagram of a flyback converter. its main parts are the transformer, the primary switching mosfet q1, secondary rectifier d1, output capacitor c1 and the pwm controller ic. depending on the design of t1 , the flyback can ope rate either in ccm (continuous conduction mode) or dcm (discontinuous conduction m ode ) . in dcm, all the energy stored in the core is delivered to the secondary during the turn off phase ( flyback period ) , and the primary current falls back to zero before the q1 switch turns on again . for ccm, the energy stored in the transformer is not completely transferred to the secondary ; that is, the flyback current (ilpk and isec) do es not reach zero before the next switching cycle . figure 2 shows the difference between dcm and dcm mode in terms of flyback primary and secondary current waveforms . table 1 highlights the main points of advantage for either dcm or ccm mode operation. dcm operation requires a higher peak currents to deliver the required output power compared to ccm operation. this translate s t o a higher rms current rating on the primary mosfet and ouput capacitor , and greater co nduction losses in the transformer windings . when these higher peak and rms current limits the fulfillment of design requirement s , (e . g . larger output capacitor required or very high conduction loss on the mosfet and transformer) , switching to ccm mode is advised . this condition usually occur s for design s wherein the output voltage is low and output current is relatively high (> 6a) , typically for output power over 50w , though for 5v or lower outputs th is is a problem at power below 50w . table 1: dcm vs ccm figure 2: ccm and dcm flyback current waveforms figure 1: flyback schematic
dcm flyback 5 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 figure 2b shows the relationship between trapezoidal and triangular current waveforms on the primary side of the flyback . i a is the nominal starting point of the waveform, which will be zero for a triangular waveform and some higher value determined by the current still flowing in the primary winding during ccm operation when the switch turns back on. i b is the end point for th e current level during the ton interval. the irms normalized current value as a function of the k factor (i a /i b ) is shown on the y axis; this is the multiplier that should be used for estimating resistive losses for different wave shapes in comparison to a flat top trapezoidal waveform, and highlights the additional dc conduction losses inherent to the transformer windings and semiconductors as a function of the current wav eform. this can give an 8 - 12% conduction loss advantage to a well designed ccm con verter; this is something to consider in applications where higher rms currents are required, and also if optimizing efficiency is a key goal. the additional copper losses can be overcome, but that in itself may require a larger core to accommodate an inc reased winding window, compared with core requirements alone. because the dcm mode may allow a smaller transformer and provide fast transient response and lower turn - on losses, i t is the usually the be st choice for lower power or a flyback with a high out put voltage and low output current requirement. while a flyback converter can be design ed to operate in both modes, it is important to take note that when the system shifts from dcm to ccm operation, its transfer function is changed to a two pole s ystem wi th low output impedance; thus, additional design rules have to be taken into account including different loop and slope compensation for the inner current loop . in practice, what this means is designing for ccm and allowing the converter to work in dcm at light loads. also , more advanced transformer techniques make it possible to extend ccm mode and clean light load regulation and high cross regulation over a wi de load range by using a stepped gap transformer. in this type of design, a small portion of the core gap is very small or bypassed with solid material to provide high initial inductance , and ccm mode operation at light load. a discussion of the stepped g ap transformer technique is outside the scope of this paper. given these characteristics of dcm mode , it is the preferred choice for a simple , easy to design for low power smps . the following is a step - by - step design guid e on designing a dcm operation f ly back converter . figure 2b: normalized rms current ratio for trapezoidal/triangular waveforms
dcm flyback 6 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 iii. dcm flyback design equation s and sequential decision requirements step 1: define and determine system requirements: every smps design st arts in determining the system requirement s and specifications . the following parameters need to be defined and determined. parameters descriptions vacmax maximum ac input voltage vacmin minimum ac input voltage fsw swit ching frequency eff efficiency pout output power (maximum) vout main output voltage fline ac line freque n c y ?vout output ripple voltage standby power, light load efficiency, various protections , emi other requirements effic iency is required to calcul a te the maximum input p ower. if no previous requirement is set, use 75% - 80 % as a reasonable target for low cost flyback . choosing fsw is usually a tradeoff between the transformer size and switching loss, as well as emi concerns and keeping the first fundamental below 150 khz. common practice is between 50khz - 100khz . additiona lly, if t here is more than one output voltage involve d , pout max should be the sum of eac h individual output . note that while traditionally the controller and power mosfet switch have been separate components, the wide popularity of this converter type ha s led to the development of high performance integrated components combining the mosefet switch and controller in one package, such as the infineon coolset? products, which use custom coolmos? transistors that include an integrated depletion mode start up fet for the controller power supply. the coolset? controllers are optimized for dcm applications, and the standalone controller (ice3bs03ljg) includes a startup cell. step 2: choose the right controller considering the output power requirement : choosing a flyback controller usually depends on specific application and other design consideration such as cost, design form factor and ease of design. other requirements such as standby power and protection features are easily be met by choosing the right controller. table 3 sh ows a selection guide using in fi neons solution for fixed frequency flyback with regards to its maximum output power. an integrat ed solution offers low parts count and easier implementation while a separate controller and mosfet approach has more flexibility , e specially on operating frequency and thermal design determining input capacitor cin and the dc input voltage range: the capacitor cin is also known as the dc link capacitor, depending on the input voltage and input power , the rule of the thumb for choosing cin is shown below. table 3: infineon ff flyback controller table 2: input specifications and system requirements
dcm flyback 7 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 table 4: recommended cin per watt of input power table 5: recommended vr for 650v and 850v mosfet for wide range operation u se a dc link capacitor more tha n 2uf per watt of input power so as to get a better quality of dc input voltage. with the input capacitor chosen the minimum dc input voltage (dc link ca pacitor voltage) is obtained by: (1) where: dcharge is the dc li nk capacitor duty ratio, typically around 0 .2. figure 3 shows the dc lin k capacitor voltage. the minimum dc input voltage occur at maximum output power and minim ac input voltage while the maximum dcinput voltage occurs at minimum input power (no load) and maximum ac input voltage. the maximum dc input voltage can be found during no load condition when the capacitor peak charge to the peak of the ac input voltage and is given by; (2) step 3: decide on the flyback reflected voltage (vr) and the m ax imum vds mosfet voltage stress : the reflected voltage vr is the volatage across the primary winding when the switch q1 is turned off. this also affects the maximum vds rating of q1.the maximum drain to source voltage is given by : (3) where: vspike is the voltage spike caused by the leakage inductance of the transformer. for a starting point assume vspike is 30% of vdsmax. the table below list a recommended reflected voltage given a 650v and 800v rated mosfet. as a starting point limit vr below 100v for a wide range input voltage. choosing the vr is a compromise between the primary mosfet and the secondary rectifier voltage stress. setting it too high, by means of higher turns rati o, would mean higher vdsmax but lower voltage stress on the secondary diode . while setting it too low, by lower turn ratio, would lower vdsmax but would increase secondary diode stress , considering the required adjustments to the transformer turns ratio . apart from cost, a higher primary vdsmax will mean lower diode stress and lower primary side current stress. figure 3: dc link capacitor max and min voltage
dcm flyback 8 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 table 6: recommended core size for dcm flyback ( fsw=65khz) determine dmax based on vreflected and vinmin : the maximum duty cycle will appear during vdcmin, at this condition we will design the transformer to be at the bou ndary of dcm and ccm. duty cycle here is given by; ( equation 4) step 4: calculate primary inductance and primary peak current : the primary p eak current can be found by using equation 5 and 6. the primary inductance should then b e design within the limit of maximum duty cycle; ( equation 7) in order to ensure that the flyback would not enter into ccm operation at any loading condition make sure to consider the maximum power in calculating poutmax in equation 5. increasing inductance beyond the calculate d lprimax c an also push the converter towards ccm mode. dcm flyback transformer design: steps 7 - step 12 step 5: choosing the proper core type and size : choosing the core type and geometry for the first time is quite d ifficult and usually involve a lot of fact ors and variables to consider. among these variables to consider are the core geometry ( e.g. ee core/rm core/pq core etc . ) , core size ( eg. ee19, rm8 pq20 etc . ) a nd core material ( eg. 3c96. tp4, 3f3 etc . ) . if there is no previous reference on choosing the right core size, a good way to start is to refer to the manufacturer's core selection guide. below are some commonly used core size for 65khz dcm flyback with re spect to the output power. even if you choose to work with a transformer vendor such as wurth/midcom for the ultimate design and construction to applicable safety standards, working through a design example is a good basis for submittal to a transformer ve ndor as you will want to establish turns ratio and other parameters for your supplier. after selecting core size , the right bobbin can also be chosen on the corresponding core's data sheet. choose the bobbin considering the number of pins, through - hole or surface mount and horizontal or vertical orientation. core materials are chosen conside ring the frequency of oper ation, magnetic flux density, and considering core losses. core material name varies depending on the core manufacturer, a suitable core materials to start with are 3f3, 3c96 or tp4a. de termining minimum primary turns: the minimum number of turns on the primary i s a function of the magn etic core area and the allowed operating flux density for the chosen material . w here bmax is the operating maximum flux density, lp is the primary inductance , ip is the primary peak current and ae is the cross sectional area of the chosen core type. (equation 5) (equation 6) (equation 8)
dcm flyback 9 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 table 6: recommended wire gauge by rms current it is important that operating bmax should not exceed the saturating flux density (bsat) given on the core's data sheet. bsat of ferrit e core varies depending on the core mater ial and temperature but most of them has a bsat rating closed to 400mt. if there is no further reference data used bmax= 300mt. higher bmax allow s fo r lower number of primary turns for lower conduc tion loss but with higher core loss. for optimized design the sum of both the core loss and the copper lo ss should be mutually minimized. this usually happened near the point where core loss is equal to the copper loss. step 6: determine the number of turns for the secondary main output (ns) and other auxiliary turns (naux) : to get the secondary turns first determine the turns ratio, n where : np and ns are the primary and secondary turns respectively, vout is the output voltage and vd is the se conda r y diode voltage drop , typically 0.5v for s c hot t ky diode at low to moderate current . for additional number turns such as auxiliary wind ing for vcc s upply the number of turns can be calculated as follows; where vaux is the flyback auxiliary winding , vdaux is the diode voltage drop on this winding. ( equation 11) most flyback controller s need an auxiliary winding to supply the ic ; this is true of all coolset? types, too. use t he start up vcc supply, as indicated on the data sheet, to decide the auxiliary number of turns. for non integer number of turn round off to the next hi ghest i nteger step 7: determining the wire size for each output windings : in order to determine the required wire size the rms current for each winding should be determined. primary winding rms current : secondary winding rms current : : a current density between 150 - 400 circular mil per a mpere can be used as a starting point to calculate the require d wire gauge . below is the quick selec tion for choosing the appro priate wire gauge using 200cm/a, given the winding's rms c urrent. the w ire diameter with basic insulation for different magnet wire gau g es are also shown . step 8: transformer construction and winding design iteration : once tr ansformer parameters have been decided , determine whether the number of turn s and the wire size chosen would fit in the given transformer core size. this step may require several iteration of between the chosen core, winding gauge and number of turns. figure 4 shows the winding a rea for an ee ferrite core , using the wire diameter and the number of turns for each winding, we can approximate if the desire d winding will fit given its winding area (w and h). if winding will not fit, either the number of turns, wire gauge or core size (controlling window area) will need to be adjusted. the winding scheme has a considerable influence on the per formance and reliability of the transformer. to reduce leakage inductance, the use of a sandwich construction , as shown in figure 5, is recommended. it also needs to meet international safety requirements . a transformer must have adequate insulation bet ween primary and secondary windings. this can be achieved by using a margin - wound construction (figure 5a) or by using triple insulated wire for the secondary winding (figure (equation 9) (equation 10) (equation 1 1 ) (equation 12) (equation 13) figure 4: ferrite core winding area
dcm flyback 10 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 5b) . using triple insulated wire (reinforced insulation) on the secondary is easier and more preffered way of meeting theis safety requirement . take note that in fitting triple insulated wire on the choosen core/bobbin, the outside diameter is thicker than the same gauge normal magnet wire. step 9: d esign the primary clamp circuit : during turn off, a high voltage spike due to the transormer's leakage inductance appears on mosfet . this excessive voltage spike on t he mosfet may lead to an avalanche breakdown and eventually failure of the mosfet. a clamping circuit placed across the primary winding helps to limit the voltage spike caused by this leakage inductance to a safe value. there are two types of cla mping circuit that can be used as shown in figure 4. these are the rcd clamp and diode - zener clamp . the easiest way is to use d a zener clamp ciruit which consist of a diode and high voltage zener or tvs (transient voltage suppressor) diode. the zener diod e effectively clips the voltage spike until the leak a ge energy is totally dissipated in the zener diode. the advantage of using this circuit is that it will only clamp s whenever the combined vr and vspike is greater than it's breakdown voltage. at low line and lighter loads where the sp ike is relatively low, the zener may not clamp at all , therefor e there is no power dissipated in the clamp. cho o se the zener /tvs diode rating to be twice the reflected vol tage vr. the diode should be ultra f ast type with voltage rating greater than the maximum dc link voltage. the rcd type not only c lamps the voltage level but slow s down the mosfet dv/dt . we can used the rcd clamp if passing emi compliance is an issue without it . the resistor element is crucial in limiting the maximum voltage spike . a lower rclamp will helps lower vspike but increases the power dissipation . o n the other hand , a higher rclamp value lower the power dis sipation but allows higher vspike. setting vr= vspike rclamp can be determined by: where lleak is the leakage inductance of the transformer , which can be determined through measurement by shorting the secondary windings. i f this is not known , assume lleak aro und 2 - 4% of the primary inductance . the capacitor cclamp needs to be large enou gh to limit the voltage rise while absorbing the leakage energy . cclamp value may range 100pf - 4.7n f . rclamp will discharge the capacitor back to the initial v alue of the switching cycle. figure 4: flyback primary clamp circuit figure 5: clamp vds voltage figure 5: example of transformer winding scheme (a) using margin tape (b) using triple insulated wire
dcm flyback 11 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 step 10: output rectifier diode selection : chose the output diode so that its vrrm (maximum reverse voltage) is at least 30% hig her than vrvdiode and if (ave forward current) is at least 50% higher than t he isecrms. use schottky diode on the main secondary output for lower conduction losses. for dcm mode flyback peak current is high, and keeping the forward voltage low may require using what seems like a relatively high current diode, depending on the effi ciency target. step 11: output capacitor selection : for flyback converter the proper choice of output capacitor is extremely important . this is because the flyback mode converters have no inductive energy storage between the rectifier and ouput capacitor. the output capacitor need s to be selected to me et these 3 important parameters: c apacitance, esr (equivalent series resistance) and rms current rating. determining the minimum output capacitance is a function of the allowable maximum peak to peak ouput ripple voltage: where: ncp is the number of internal clock cycle s needed by the control loop to reduce the duty cycle from maximu m to minimum value. this usually take s aro und 10 - 20 switching period s . iout is the maximum output current ( ). the minimum capacitor rms current rating of the chosen capacitor is: give n the hi g h switching freque n cy , the high secondary peak current for a flyback will produce a corresponding ripple volta g e across the output capacitor's equivalent series resistance (esr). the capacitor must be chosen not to exceed esrmax or the permissible ripple c urrent capability of the capacitor, which is a thermal limitation for the capacitor. the final selection may more reflect the required voltage rating and ripple current capability, depending on the actual ratio of output voltage and current . make su re to use the esr specification from the data sheet at a freque n c y greater than 1khz ; this will usually be 10 khz or 100 khz. note: using a single capacitor with lower esr value could meet the desired output ripple voltage. a small lc filter is also advisable for higher peak currents specially when operating in dcm mode in order to hit a consistent output ripple voltage performance . step 12: other d esign consideration s a. input diode bridge voltage and current rating : where pf is the power factor of the power supply , u se 0.5 if there is no better reference data available. select the bridge recti fier rating such that the forward current twice than that of iacrms . a 600v part is commonly use for maximum input voltage of ~400v b. current sense resistor, rsense : the sense resistor rsense is used to defined the maximum output power. vcsth can be found on the controller's data sheet whi le ipmax is the primary peak current while also considering the short term peaks in output power. c. vcc capacitor: the capacitance value is important f or proper startup time , a value of 22 uf - 47uf is usually in the right range for most application s . if the capacitance is too low, the under voltage lockout of the ic may trigger (equation 14) (equation 15) (equation 16) (equation 17) (equation 18) (equation 19) (equation 20)
dcm flyback 12 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 before the vcc voltage develops through the converter, while a la rger value will slow down the startup time . this capacitor should not be the cheapest type, but must have an adequate esr and ripple current capability, just like the output capacitor, or it will deteriorat e in time. in parallel with the vcc capacitor it is always recommended to use a 100nf ceramic capacitor placed very near to vcc pin and ic ground. d. feedback loop compensation: f eedback loop compensation is needed to prevent oscillation. for the dcm flybac k , loop compensation is less complicated compare d to ccm , as there is no right half plane zero in the power stage to compensate for . a simple rc (rc omp, ccomp) as shown in figure 6 is usually sufficient to make a stable loop. typical rcomp values can range from 1k - 20k while ccomp would usually range from 100nf - 470nf. a detailed analysis about feedback loop can be found on reference [ 2 ]. iv. dcm flyback design example step 1: sytem specifications and requirements: step 2: choosing the right controller considering the pout : referring to table 3 , we chooses an integrated control ler and mosfet solution using ice3br1065j. other features include built in startup cell, less than 50mw no load power and frequency jitter and soft driving for lower emi. below is the typical flyback application using ice3br1765j step 3: determining input capacitor cin and the dc input voltage range: maximu m input power: using 2uf per watt of input power, the required dc capacitor, cin, is: > use the standard capacitance value of 68uf/400v with the input capacitor chosen the minimum dc input voltage (dc link ca pacitor voltage) is obtained by: figure 6: feedback loop compensation
dcm flyback 13 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 step 4: flyback reflected voltage (vr) and the max vds mosfet voltage stress : for a 650v mosfet on ice3br0665 coolset, vr is chosen at 75v assuming 30% leakage spike the ex pected maximum vds is equal to: step 5: determining dmax based on vreflected and vinmin : step 6: calculating primary inductance and primary peak current : step 7: choosing the proper core type and size : using the table outline on s tep 7, we can use ee20/10/6 ferriite core for this 25w power level core: ee20/10/6 ferroxcube/tdk cross sectionl are, ae=32mm2 core material: 3c96/ ferroxcube , tp4a/tdk bobbin:e20/10/6 coil former, 8 pins step 8: determining mini mum primary turns: step 9: determine the number of turns for the secondary main output (ns) and other auxiliary turns (naux) : note: round off non integer secondary value to the next integer value, in this case ns =11. u sing this setup ( np /ns=65/11) vr is decreased a bit, we can used this value or increase the primary turns to get the same vr as assumed. in this case we will adjust np to 66 turns to maintain the same vr. e ven turns is also desirable on the primary for low leakage split p rimary winding construction , with the same turns in each section . an auxiliary winding, naux, on the primary is needed for the vcc supply. for ice3br4765 a n internal hv startup is used to supply the in itial bias before vaux kicks in . we set vaux at 15v t o be above 11.2v max turnoff voltage. step 10: determining the wire size for each output windings : the rms current on each winding is calculated using equation 11 - 13: from table 6 we can use: awg 29 - primary, awg22 - secondary, awg 34 - auxiliary winding*
dcm flyback 14 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 *note; the load on the auxiliary winding is usually just the ic bias and mosfet gate drive (~0.1a) step 11: transformer construction and winding design iteration using table awg 29 diameter is 0.389mm, ee 20/10/6 winding area width and height is 14mm and 4m m respectively. this will give us a tpl (turns per layer) on the primary of 35turns (14/0.389). for our required 66 turn we will need 2 layer on the primary winding. for the secondary turns we will use triple insulated wire awg 22, outside diameter is 0.9 47. tpl fusing this wire is 14 turns (14/0.947) which means a single layer 11 turns w ould fit in. for the auxiliary basic awg 34 magnet wire will be used (d=0.262mm). checking the winding stacked (0.389mm+0.389mm+0.947mm+0.262 ) is 2mm which is less than the winding height . this should give us en ough margin for the actual build . we can then used a split primary transformer construction as shown in figure 11 . step 12: design the primary clamp circuit : for the primary clamp we will used a diode - zener clamp tvs diode is p6ke160 and f ast recovery diode is byb27c . an rcd clamp value can also be used as suggested on reference design on [2] step 13: output rectifier diode selection: voltage and current rating for the schotky rectifier diodes are: step 14: output capacitor selection for flyback output capacitance mos t of the time the limiting factor is the ripple current rating and esr . choose 100v rated diode choose if>5.9a choose a combined paralleled esr lower that this value capacitance must be at least equal or higher than this value the combined rms current rating of the output cap(s) used should be higher than this value
dcm flyback 15 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 step 15: other considerations a. input diode bridge voltage and current rating b. current sense resistor, rsense c. vcc capacitor: d. feedback loop compensation : below shows the complete flyback schematic including values and implementation of the feedback circuit . commonly used is 600v rated bridge rectifier chose forward current rating >1.4a use 1.3 ohm 0.25w x 2 in parallel
dcm flyback 16 design note d n 2013 - 01 v1.0 january 2013 v. r eferences [1] switching power supply design by abraham pressman [2] 25w 12v smps evaluation board with coolset ice3br1065j http://www.infineon.com/dgdl/an_smps_ice2xxxx_v1 2.pdf?folderid=db3a304412b407950112b418cef926b2&filei d=db3a304412b407950112b418cf5226b3 [3] infineon fixed frequency coolset product list . http://www.infineon.com/cms/en/product/power - management - ics/ac/dc/integrated - power - ics/coolset - tm - f3/channel.html?channel=ff80808112ab681d0112ab6a8b78055a [4] infineon technologies application note: ice2xxxx fo r off C line switch mode power supply (smps) . feb 2002 . http://www.infineon.com/dgdl/an_smps_ice2xxxx_v12.pdf?folderid=db3a304412b407950112b418cef926b2&filei d=db3a304412b407950112b418cf5226b3

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